Are there any good open source frameworks for developing computer system emulators? I am particularly interested in something written in Python or Java that can reduce the effort involved in developing emulators for 8-bit processors (e.g. 6502, 6510, etc.).
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I've developed a complete emulator for the MIX machine (Knuth's imaginary computer from TAOCP) in Perl a few years ago. The source code is well documented and the simulator is runnable, so one can practice with examples. It wasn't too difficult and I don't recall needing any special framework. The machine's registers are just state variables in the simulator, and the rest is interpreting instructions and changing this internal state.
Do you have more specific questions? Perhaps it will then be easier to point you in the right direction.
Isn't the 6510 in the C64? You might be able to make use of the java libraries that emulate c64 code
http://www.dreamfabric.com/c64/
http://www.jac64.com/jac64-java-based-c64-emulator.html
If you aren't afraid of C++ try this general purpose one:
http://cef.sourceforge.net/index.php