For what T does `std::declval<T>()` not have a matching function?

Question

I was surprised to find that for some T, decltype(std::declval<T>()) is not legal:

#include <utility>

template<typename T>
using Alias = decltype(std::declval<T>());

// as expected
using A1 = Alias<int>;
using A2 = Alias<int(int)>;

// error: no matching function for call to 'declval<...>()'
using A3 = Alias<int(int) const>;
using A4 = Alias<int(int) volatile>;
using A5 = Alias<int(int) &>;
using A6 = Alias<int(int) &&>;
// and all combinations of the above

cppreference doesn't seem to indicate that this error is expected.

Are there any other types for which declval<T> cannot be used? Where does the spec define these?

Answer 1

Per [declval], the signature of declval is:

template <class T>
add_rvalue_reference_t<T> declval() noexcept;

Therefore, the call is ill-formed if add_rvalue_reference_t<T> cannot occur as a return type specifier.

Qualified function types have a special rule:

A function type with a cv-qualifier-seq or a ref-qualifier (including a type named by typedef-name ([dcl.typedef], [temp.param])) shall appear only as:

• (6.1) the function type for a non-static member function,

• (6.2) the function type to which a pointer to member refers,

• (6.3) the top-level function type of a function typedef declaration or alias-declaration,

• (6.4) the type-id in the default argument of a type-parameter, or

• (6.5) the type-id of a template-argument for a type-parameter ([temp.arg.type]).

They cannot be a return type specifier.

Looking through Types, I'm pretty sure qualified function types are the only case.