Variables only get memory allocation during object creation, so why does assigning a value to a variable outside a constructor produce no error? Moreover what is the location of this assigned value as no particular object is created?
How is it possible for variables to be initialized outside of the constructor?
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Because all of the instance field initializer code (and any instance initializer blocks) are executed as if they were part of the constructor.
In fact, the sequence is as follows:
this(...)
orsuper(...)
call. (This recurses up the chain performing field initialization and running constructors. For athis
call, we then skip the next step.)Step 6 is where the field initializers you were concerned about get dealt with. The code for the initializer expressions and blocks are combined into a synthetic method that gets called by the constructor at the appropriate point. However, that is an implementation detail.
As you can see, the amount of memory allocated to the object is determined very early on, and is not affected by any of the initialization logic. The variables and the amount of memory needed to represent them in the object itself will be the same ... no matter what.
The locations of the fields are part of the object allocated in step 3. Just like the case where the initialization was done in the constructor.
(Perhaps you were confused about what actually happens when you assign an object or array to a field? Remember that Object and Array types are called reference types. A field or variable whose type is a reference type corresponds to a location to hold just the reference ... NOT the actual state of the object that the reference refers to.)
(Perhaps you were thinking that the invocation of a constructor is the same as the invocation of a normal method. That isn't so ... see above.)