How to do Perl state machine (FSM) to parse bitstream (byte sequence)?

Question

I'm currently using Perl to parse incoming command sequences which comes from RS232 serial port. I try to use state machine, and its expected behavior is: (1) Receive a series of bytes from serial port; (2) The state machine uses the bytes as input, and jump to appropriate states.

I came up with a simplified demo Perl code (posted below), but encountered a problem: When the code enters "while(1){}", it gets stuck here, and cannot get out. Consequently, the $din byte sequence assignments is blocked by "while(1){}", and is invisible to the state machine. So, the FSM is stuck in "INIT" state, and just do NOT jump at all.

I figured this should be a very easy or entry-level practice in Perl coding, but searching thru Google does not help me too much. Can anyone help me with this? Thanks in advance~

...
my %next_state = (
        "INIT" => sub{
                $din eq "AA" and return "HEADER0" ;
                return "INIT"                     ;
                },
        "HEADER0" => sub{
                $din eq "99" and return "HEADER1" ;
                return "INIT"                     ;
                },
        ...
        );

# Set state machine's initial state.
my $cur_state = "INIT"   ;

# Integer for debugging purpose.
my $itgi = 0;

# Run the state machine.
while(1){
        $cur_state = $next_state{$cur_state}();
        print "$itgi, will jump to: $cur_state\n\n";
        $itgi++;
        }

# Send in input byte sequence, which simulates
# incoming bytes from RS-232 COM port:
$din = "AA"     ;
sleep(1)        ;
...

========== 2020.10.09 22:10 Update ==========

Thanks to the help of @ikegami after some effort and debugging job, now I can get my little sweet Perl state machine up and running, code as posted below.

However, it still has a problem, that is:

The input byte sequence (viz. @seq) must be non-0x00 values; if I put a 0x00 into the command sequence, then the FSM will exit when when it encounters the 0x00.

Why is this? The code uses "$cur_byte >= 0", which seems to me should be capable of handling 0x00 just as it handles non-zero values.

Why does 0x00 pull the state machine out of running?

use strict      ;
use warnings    ;

# input to the state machine
my $din ;

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# FSM's state table.
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Expected input sequence is:
#   AA 99 00 01 ....
# In which:
#   (1) Fixed pattern "AA" and "99" are two bytes of header,
#   (2) Following bytes are uart ID, etc.
my %next_state = (
        "INIT" => sub{
                # If receives "AA" from input,
                # then jumpt to "HEADER0" state:
                $din eq "AA" and return "HEADER0" ; 
                # Otherwise just stay here:
                return "INIT"                     ; 
                },
        "HEADER0" => sub{
                # If receives "99" from input,
                # then proceed to "HEADER1" state:
                $din eq "99" and return "HEADER1" ; 
                # Otherwise, return to initial state:
                return "INIT"                     ; 
                },
        "HEADER1" => sub{
                # Capture first byte of uart ID:
                return "UARTID0";
                },
        "UARTID0" => sub{
                # Capture second byte of uart ID:
                return "UARTID1";
                },
        "UARTID1" => sub{
                # Capture second byte of uart ID:
                return "FINISHED";
                },
        "FINISHED" => sub{
                return "INIT";
                },
        );

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set state machine's initial state.
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
my $cur_state = "INIT"   ;

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Send in command sequence
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
my @seq = (-1, 0xAA, -1, 0x99, -1, 0x06, -1, 0x07,
           -1, 0x08, -1, 0x09, -1, 0x0a, -1, 0x0b,
           -1, 0x0c, -1, 0x0d
          );

sub get_next_byte {
        while (@seq) { #(A)
                my $cur_byte = shift(@seq);
                return $cur_byte if $cur_byte >= 0;
                #
                sleep(-$cur_byte);
                }
        return (); #(B)
        }

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Run the state machine.
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Integer for debugging purpose.
my $itgi = 0;

while( $din = get_next_byte() ){ #(C)
        $din = sprintf("%02X",$din);
        $cur_state = $next_state{$cur_state}();
        print "-- Iteration $itgi, will jump to: $cur_state\n";
        $itgi++;
        }

print "-- Program finish.\n";

Answer 1

You enter the loop without ever changing $din. You need something like

# Run the state machine.
while ( my ($din) = get_next_byte() ) {
   $din = sprintf("%02X", $din);
   $cur_state = $next_state{$cur_state}();
   print "$itgi, will jump to: $cur_state\n\n";
   $itgi++;
}

For testing purposes, you could use

my @seq = (-1, 0xAA, -1, 0x99);

sub get_next_byte {
   while (@seq) {
      my $next = shift(@seq);
      return $next if $next >= 0;
      sleep(-$next);
   }

   return ();
}

Answer 2

Thanks to the help @zdim and @ikegami, now I finally completely worked out this program. I'll post my working code as below, in case someone may have the same question.

Following code is inspired by zdim:

use strict      ;
use warnings    ;

# input to the state machine
my $din ;

# FSM's state table.
# Expected input sequence is:
#   AA 99 00 01 ....
# In which:
#   "AA" and "99" are two bytes of header,
#   "00" and "01" are two bytes of uart ID.
my %next_state = (
        "INIT" => sub{
                # If receives "AA" from input,
                # then jumpt to "HEADER0" state:
                $din eq "AA" and return "HEADER0" ;
                # Otherwise just stay here:
                return "INIT"                     ;
                },
        "HEADER0" => sub{
                # If receives "99" from input,
                # then proceed to "HEADER1" state:
                $din eq "99" and return "HEADER1" ;
                # Otherwise, return to initial state:
                return "INIT"                     ;
                },
        "HEADER1" => sub{
                # Capture first byte of uart ID:
                return "UARTID0";
                },
        "UARTID0" => sub{
                # Capture second byte of uart ID:
                return "UARTID1";
                },
#        "UARTID1" => sub{
#                return "FINISHED";
#                },
        "FINISHED" => sub{
                return "INIT";
                },
        );

# Set state machine's initial state.
my $cur_state = "INIT"   ;

# Integer for debugging purpose.
my $itgi = 0;

# Run the state machine.
while($din = <>){
        chomp $din ;
        $cur_state = $next_state{$cur_state}();
        print "$itgi, will jump to: $cur_state\n\n";
        $itgi++;
        }

# Send in input bytes:
$din = "AA"     ;
sleep(1)        ;
$din = "99"     ;
sleep(1)        ;

Following dode is inspired by ikegami, and pay attention to the difference between ($din) and simply $din without parentheses: with parens, we get a TRUE or FALSE result; without parens, we get the actual element value of @seq, and if this value is 0x00 then while will become while(0) and will exit.

use strict      ;
use warnings    ;

# input to the state machine
my $din ;

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# FSM's state table.
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Expected input sequence is:
#   AA 99 00 01 ....
# In which:
#   (1) Fixed pattern "AA" and "99" are two bytes of header,
#   (2) Following bytes are uart ID, etc.
my %next_state = (
        "INIT" => sub{
                # If receives "AA" from input,
                # then jumpt to "HEADER0" state:
                $din eq "AA" and return "HEADER0" ; #(D)
                # Otherwise just stay here:
                return "INIT"                     ; 
                },
        "HEADER0" => sub{
                # If receives "99" from input,
                # then proceed to "HEADER1" state:
                $din eq "99" and return "HEADER1" ; 
                # Otherwise, return to initial state:
                return "INIT"                     ; 
                },
        "HEADER1" => sub{
                # Capture first byte of uart ID:
                return "UARTID0";
                },
        "UARTID0" => sub{
                # Capture second byte of uart ID:
                return "UARTID1";
                },
        "UARTID1" => sub{
                # Capture second byte of uart ID:
                return "FINISHED";
                },
        "FINISHED" => sub{
                return "INIT";
                },
        );

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set state machine's initial state.
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
my $cur_state = "INIT"   ;

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Send in command sequence
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
my @seq = (-1, 0xAA, -1, 0x99, -1, 0x00, -1, 0x00,
           -1, 0x00, -1, 0x00, -1, 0x0a, -1, 0x0b,
           -1, 0x0c, -1, 0x0d
           );

sub get_next_byte {
        while (@seq) { #(A)
                my $cur_byte = shift(@seq);
                return $cur_byte if $cur_byte >= 0;
                #
                sleep(-$cur_byte);
                }
        return (); #(B)
        }

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Run the state machine.
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Integer for debugging purpose.
my $itgi = 0;

##--while( my ($din) = get_next_byte() ){ #(C)
    while(    ($din) = get_next_byte() ){ #(C)
        $din = sprintf("%02X",$din);
        $cur_state = $next_state{$cur_state}();
        print "-- Iteration $itgi, will jump to: $cur_state\n";
        $itgi++;
        }

print "-- Program finish.\n";