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IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier) is an extension of the URI. It does not return data, it is an identifier. There is also no "RDF" IRI/URI; all the URIs you list are "http" or "https" URIs. Parsing such a URI would mean splitting it into parts like "http", "www.w3.org", and "/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns".

Usually the web server is configured to produce semantic data (in Turtle, RDF/XML, JSON-LD, RDFa etc.; you'd use content negotiation to get one of the formats you understand) when you navigate to URIs actually denoting a vocabulary, but it doesn't have to.

There are libraries for JS for working with RDF, but if you want to do this in a web page, with client-side JavaScript, you are out of luck ‒ JavaScript doesn't allow you to retrieve the content of a cross-domain page.