Code-Golf: What is the shortest program that compiles and crashes?

Question

This is a little bit of fun. Can you devise the shortest program which compiles but does nothing but immediately crash when executed? Wherefore by "crash" we mean that the program stops with an error condition (a core dump for example).

Is there a language that crashes faster (7 chars) than C using a gcc compiler? [I leave this answer for somebody to find.]

(It should be allowable to use compiler flags. Otherwise 7 wouldn't work nowadays, compiler checks became much better.)

[evaluation of results] I am unable to mark a single answer because there are multiple correct ones for multiple languages. It would not be fair to disqualify one answer for another. Please use votes for choosing best answers.

Answer 1

In C, 33 characters:

int main(void){return*((int*)0);}

Answer 2

int main () { int n = 0; return 1 / n; }

Answer 3

Try this in assembly:

push 0
ret

of course add the all other garbage to compile into an application.

Answer 4

In C, 20 characters:

void main(){main();}

Update: Suggested by roe, 15 characters:

main(){main();}

Note: Tested with VC++ 2008.

Answer 5

It depends upon the allowed max stack size for a thread. But it does crash when compiled using VC9:

int main()
{
    int a[10000000];
    return 0;
};

Answer 6

In QBasic:

? 1/0

(At least I think it'll still compile and then crash with divide-by-zero; it's been quite some time...)

Answer 7

$ cat > crash.S
hlt
$ as -o crash.o crash.S
$ ld crash.o
ld: warning: cannot find entry symbol _start; defaulting to 0000000008048054
$ ./a.out
Segmentation fault

Answer 8

How about java Z? If no file exists it will "crash" with a java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError. So my answer is zero letters. If that is not valid then...

class T{}

Would "crash" with $ java T Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: main

If you want something that actually runs, then if you are willing to abuse things a little

class T{static {int i =1/0;}}

Else

class T{public static void main(String[]a){main(a);}}

Answer 9

using python:

1/0

Answer 10

in windows powershell:

throw

Answer 11

I wonder if this counts...

a

This is in JavaScript. This gives the runtime error of "object not found". Since JavaScript is a dynamic language, syntactically this is actually correct. Still feels like twisting the rules. :P

Answer 12

Bah - I can crash C in 5 characters:

main;

This declares an implicit int variable called 'main'. It's global so the variable has an initial value of 0. It's C the names aren't decorated - so the linker doesn't realize that it's a var and not a function.

GCC gave me a warning - but that's all.

$ gcc crash.c 
crash.c:1: warning: data definition has no type or storage class
$ ./a.exe
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
$

Answer 13

F# 3 characters

1/0

Does compile, though gives a warning.

Answer 14

Perl

die

Died at test line 1.

---

die

prints the value of LIST to STDERR and exits with the current value of $! (errno).

Answer 15

Crash with 0 characters:

$ > golf.c
$ gcc -Wl,--defsym=main=0 golf.c
$ ./a.out
Segmentation fault

Answer 16

Brainf*ck

5 characters

+[>+]

It will take it a while, but eventually the program will run out of memory and inevitably crash.

Answer 17

Perl

3 characters

1/0

Produces:

Illegal division by zero at crash.pl line 1.

(still looking for something that will do it in two..)

Answer 18

Scheme:

(1)

Filler text to make this longer.

Answer 19

C#, 37 chars

class F{static void Main(){Main();}}

Explodes stack.

Answer 20

X86 machine code: 1 byte

From cmd prompt in windows create file a.com containing byte F4, x86 halt instruction:

F:\>debug
-a 100
0BFD:0100 hlt
0BFD:0101
-r cx
CX 0000
:1
-n a.com
-w
Writing 00001 bytes
-q

F:\>a.com

The NTVDM CPU has encountered illegal instruction

Answer 21

Lua, 3 characters

The divide by zero does not cause problems in Lua, but here something just as short:

a()

gives:

lua: isort.lua:1: attempt to call global 'a' (a nil value)
stack traceback:
    a.lua:1: in main chunk
    [C]: ?

Answer 22

to quote this answer:

All these answers and no Befunge? I'd wager a fair amount it's shortest solution of them all:

1

Not kidding. Try it yourself: http://www.quirkster.com/js/befunge.html

EDIT: I guess I need to explain this one. The 1 operand pushes a 1 onto Befunge's internal stack and the lack of anything else puts it in a loop under the rules of the language.

Using the interpreter provided, you will eventually--and I mean eventually--hit a point where the Javascript array that represents the Befunge stack becomes too large for the browser to reallocate. If you had a simple Befunge interpreter with a smaller and bounded stack--as is the case with most of the languages below--this program would cause a more noticeable overflow faster.

Answer 23

Commodore 64 BASIC:

poke 2,2:sys2

or shorter (using PETSCII graphic-char shortcuts):

pO2,2:sY2

(crash: $02 invalid opcode on MOS/CSG6510). Actually it can be done in 7 bytes (3-instructions):

lda #$02
sta $02
jmp $0002

Answer 24

If you're at a computer store that has TI-89s, you can crash one by typing this in:

Exec "00000000"

(that's 8 zeros)

It will yield "Illegal Instruction". Press 2nd+Left+Right+ON to reset the calc.

If you want to have more fun, do this:

Exec "4E4A4E750000"

That launches the hidden hardware test menu, including memory tests, LCD tests (draws checkerboards et al.) and more. Unfortunately, the status bar gets erased, and nothing in the calc's OS draws it back, so to clean up after yourself, reset per the instructions above, or do this:

Exec "307C56E670FF20C020C020C020C020C04E750000"

Answer 25

F#, 11 characters

box 0 :?> unit

Compiles without a warning. Crashes with: System.InvalidCastException: Unable to cast object of type 'System.Int32' to type 'Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit'.

Answer 26

Perl in only 2 chars.

&a

Undefined subroutine &main::a called at test.pl line 1.

Answer 27

Befunge, 1 character

pace RCIX, several answers from the shortest program to overflow the stack What's the shortest code to cause a stack overflow? also apply; the shortest is the befunge program:

1

PS: Golfscript, no short answer

It seems golfscript http://www.golfscript.com/ is bad at this: I assumed there'd be a one-character stack-underflow or stack-overflow, but it seems designed not to crash. Hopefully someone who knows the language better will fill in more details.

Answer 28

Factor (or Forth)

.

"Data stack underflow"

Answer 29

Late, but whatever. PHP, 32 characters.

$r=function($z){$z($z);};$r($r);

gives Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 134217728 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 261900 bytes) in ...

Technically, I could also do it in 29 with

$r=function($z){$z();};$r(0);

But that isn't as much fun as infinite recursion. That, and I don't think "undefined function" errors should count as "compiling" in a scripting language, otherwise:

Z();

would be the smallest solution.

Also, instead of crashing, how about (as a script) surpassing max execution time? 8 chars:

for(;;);

My original take on that had a $i++ in the third expression of the for loop, but because PHP treats all integers as signed, instead of overflowing, it just goes negative.

Answer 30

Golfscript - 1 Char

Lots of operators can do it, eg

*

(eval):1:in `initialize': undefined method `class_id' for nil:NilClass (NoMethodError)
from ../golfscript.rb:285:in `call'
from ../golfscript.rb:285:in `go'
from (eval):1:in `initialize'
from ../golfscript.rb:285:in `call'
from ../golfscript.rb:285:in `go'
from ../golfscript.rb:477

Answer 31

main = undefined

In Haskell.

Answer 32

0 Bytes

Using A86, you can have a zero sized source file!

Using the DOS command prompt:

> copy con crash.asm
[ctrl-z]
1 file(s) copied
> dir *.asm
11/12/2009  13:59                 0 crash.asm
> a86 crash.asm
A86 macro assembler, V4.05 Copyright 2000 Eric Isaacson
Source:
crash.asm
Object: crash.COM
Symbols: crash.SYM
> dir *.com
11/12/2009  13:59                 0 CRASH.COM
> c.com

Answer 33

Groovy 3 characters

1/0

Produces

java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

Answer 34

PostScript, 1 character

Like GolfScript:

*

Syntactically legal, but crashes during runtime because the token * is not defined (different reason than why GolfScript crashes).

Answer 35

NASM

mov al, [0]

$ nasm -f elf64 -o crash.o crash.asm
$ ld -o crash crash.o
$ ./crash