Multi staged docker setup which is mainly used for building cpp dependencies from source

Question

I am currently struggeling to come up with an optimal dockerfile structure that lets me do the building of all my cpp dependencies in one of the base images(because they are rarely updated) and then have more frequently updated apt packages and such in images that build from base. I cannot seem to make a multi staged dockerfile that when ran, recognizes that the base image has no changes so it uses the one already on my pc/pulls from dockerhub and then proceeds to rebuild the next images that have some changes. Any advice on how my setupo should look like? thanks