What's the simplest way to satisfy a pure abstract method with methods from other base classes

Question

Edit: Per some comments, by simple I mean a) less code, b) easy to maintain, and c) hard to get wrong.

Edit #2: Also, using containment instead of private inheritance is not objectionable if it does indeed simplify the implementation of InterfaceImpl.

Currently, the only way I know to do this is to have the implementer define the abstract method and delegate the call to the target base type's method. Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

class Interface
{
public:
    virtual void method1() = 0;
    virtual void method2(int x) = 0;
};

class MethodOneImpl
{
 private:
    void method1(int x)
    { std::cout << "MethodOneImpl::method1() " << x << std::endl; }

 public:
    void method1() { method1(0); }
};

class MethodTwoImpl
{
 public:
    void myFunc(int x)
    { std::cout << "MethodTwoImpl::myFunc(x)" << x << std::endl; }
};

class InterfaceImpl : public Interface
                    , private MethodOneImpl
                    , private MethodTwoImpl
{
public:    
    virtual void method1() { MethodOneImpl::method1(); }
    virtual void method2(int x) { MethodTwoImpl::myFunc(x); }
};

int main()
{
    std::unique_ptr<Interface> inf;
    inf.reset(new InterfaceImpl);
    inf->method1();
    inf->method2(0);

    // This should be disallowed!
    // std::unique_ptr<MethodOneImpl> moi;
    // moi.reset(new InterfaceImpl);
}

At first, I thought that perhaps this might solve the problem:

class InterfaceImpl : public Interface
                    , private MethodOneImpl
                    , private MethodTwoImpl
{
public:    
    using MethodOneImpl::method1;
    // Obviously this wouldn't work as the method names don't match.
    //using MethodTwoImpl::??? 
};

The first using statement will make both MethodOneImpl::method1 methods be public, but it actually doesn't fulfill the contract with Interface, and it modifies the accessibility of MethodOneImpl::method1(int). And obviously we couldn't use this solution with method2 as the names don't match up.

FWIW, I have what I think is a solution, but it is not part of the standard at all (in other words it won't compile). I was thinking of making a proposal to the C++ committee; if anyone has any advice, I'd appreciate any comments below (but please dont' submit the advice as an answer).

Answer 1

An other option (at least if using MS VC++) is to use virtual inheritance:

struct MyInterface
{
    virtual void Method1() = 0;
    virtual void Method2() = 0;
};

class Method1Impl : public virtual MyInterface
{
    virtual void Method1() { _tprintf( _T("Method1\n") ); }
};

class Method2Impl : public virtual MyInterface
{
    virtual void Method2() { _tprintf( _T("Method2\n") ); }
};

class InterfaceImpl : public virtual MyInterface,
                      private Method1Impl,
                      private Method2Impl
{
};

void TestWeirdInterfaceImpl()
{
    MyInterface*    pItf = new InterfaceImpl();

    pItf->Method1();
    pItf->Method2();
}

While this seems to work and satisfy what you are looking for (asside from C4250 warning that you will have to suppress with a #pragma), this wouldn't be my approach. (I believe virtual inheritance is still not something that supported across all compilers, but I could be wrong).

I would probably go with containment and once boilerplate code is identifier, wrap it into some kind of macro map (similar to maps in ATL or MFC) that would make it really, really difficult to ever screw it up.

So this would be my macro approach:

struct MyInterface
{
    virtual float Method1( int x ) = 0;
    virtual int Method2( float a, float b ) = 0;
    virtual void Method3( const TCHAR* sz ) = 0;
};

class Method1Impl
{
public:
    float Method1( int x ) {
        _tprintf( _T("Method1: %d\n"), x ); return 5.0;
    }
};

class Method2and3Impl
{
public:
    int Method2( float a, float b ) {
        _tprintf( _T("Method2: %f, %f\n"), a, b ); return 666;
    }

    void Method3( const TCHAR* sz ) {
        _tprintf( _T("Method3: %s"), sz );
    }
};


#define DECLARE_METHOD0( MethodName, Obj, R )   \
    virtual R MethodName() { return Obj.MethodName(); }

#define DECLARE_METHOD1( MethodName, Obj, R, A1 )   \
    virtual R MethodName( A1 a1 ) { return Obj.MethodName( a1 ); }

#define DECLARE_METHOD2( MethodName, Obj, R, A1, A2 )   \
    virtual R MethodName( A1 a1, A2 a2 ) { return Obj.MethodName( a1, a2 ); }


class InterfaceImpl : public MyInterface
{
public:
    DECLARE_METHOD1( Method1, m_method1Impl, float, int );
    DECLARE_METHOD2( Method2, m_method2and3Impl, int, float, float );
    DECLARE_METHOD1( Method3, m_method2and3Impl, void, const TCHAR* );

private:
    Method1Impl         m_method1Impl;
    Method2and3Impl     m_method2and3Impl;
};

void TestWeirdInterfaceImpl()
{
    MyInterface*    pItf = new InterfaceImpl();

    pItf->Method1( 86 );
    pItf->Method2( 42.0, 24.0 );
    pItf->Method3( _T("hi") );
}

Until C++ gods grace us with variadic macros, you'll have to declare one for each number of parameters you have. Also if you used multiple inheritance, potentially you wouldn't need the second "Obj" param, but as I've said before, I'd avoid multiple inheritance if there's another solution, which in this case is one extra param.

Yet a third option could be something that authors of Pragmatic Programmer seem to advocate a lot. If you have a ton of cookie cutter code that you don't want to repeat because, as you pointed out, it introduces human error. Define your own language and write a code generator script (python, perl...) to auto-create the actual code. In this case you could almost point at an interface, and have the script write the text out for you. I haven't tried doing this kind of thing myself, but lately have been wanting to use it somewhere just to see and evaluate the outcome.

Answer 2

class AbsInterface
{
    // this is a simple interface class.
public:
    virtual void Method1() = 0;
    virtual void Method2() = 0;
};

class Functor1
{
public:
    void operator () ()
    {
        printf("This Is Void Functor1");
    }
};

class Functor2
{
public:
    void operator () ()
    {
    printf("This Is void Functor2");
    }
};

template <class T1, class T2>
class DerivedTemplateClass : public AbsInterface
{
public:
    virtual void Method1() { T1()(); }
    virtual void Method2() { T2()(); }
};

void main()
{
    DerivedTemplateClass<Stratege1, Stratege2> instance;
    instance.Method1();
    instance.Method2();
}

as you can see, I used Functor. You could work with template and functor.

Answer 3

This is sort of ugly and may bloat the executable size, but what about

#include <iostream>

class Interface
{
public:
    virtual void method1() = 0;
    virtual void method2(int x) = 0;
};

template<typename T>
class MethodOneImpl : public T
{
 private:
    void method1(int x)
    { std::cout << "MethodOneImpl::method1() " << x << std::endl; }

 public:
    void method1() { method1(0); }
};

template<typename T>
class MethodTwoImpl : public T
{
 public:
    void method2(int x)
    { std::cout << "MethodTwoImpl::myFunc(x)" << x << std::endl; }
};

class InterfaceImpl : public MethodTwoImpl<MethodOneImpl<Interface> >
{
};

int main()
{
    InterfaceImpl impl;
    impl.method1();
    impl.method2(0);
}

Answer 4

Does this serve your purpose? It maintains the interface relationship and gives you maintainable code without having any consideration of client code.

Separating each method in functionoid and giving you the power to control the prototype of each method of the different base class.

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
using namespace std;

    //No Control over this.
    class MethodOneImpl
    {
     private:
        void method1(int x)
        { std::cout << "MethodOneImpl::method1() " << x << std::endl; }

     public:
        void method1() { method1(0); }
    };

    class MethodTwoImpl
    {
     public:
        void myFunc(int x)
        { std::cout << "MethodTwoImpl::myFunc(x)" << x << std::endl; }
    };

    //*************************//

    class Interface
    {
    public:
        virtual void method1() = 0;
        virtual void method2(int x) = 0;
    };

    //This is what i would do. //

    class BaseFuncType
    {
    //no pure virtual
    void Call()
          {
              throw "error";
          }
    void Call(int x)
          {
              throw "error";
          }
    };


    class Method1: public BaseFuncType
    {
    auto_ptr<MethodOneImpl> MethodPtr;
    public:
    Method1()
    {
        MethodPtr.reset(new MethodOneImpl());
    }
    virtual int Call() 
    {
        MethodPtr->method1(); 
    }
    };

    class Method2: public BaseFuncType
    {
        auto_ptr<MethodTwoImpl> MethodPtr;
    public:
    Method2()
    {
       MethodPtr.reset(new MethodTwoImpl());
    }
    virtual int Call(int x) 
    {
        MethodPtr->myFunc(x);
    }
    };
    template <class T1>
    class MethodFactory
    {
    private:
       T1 methodObj;
    public:
    void CallMethod()
    {
       methodObj.Call();
    }
    void CallMethod(int x)
    {
       methodObj.Call(x);
    }

    };
    class InterfaceImpl : public Interface
    {
        auto_ptr<MethodFactory> factory;
    public:
        virtual void method1() 
        {   
            factory.reset(new MethodFactory<Method1>());
            factory->CallMethod(); 
        }
        virtual void method2(int x) 
        { 
            factory.reset(new MethodFactory<Method2>());
            factory->CallMethod(x); 
        }
    };

    int main()
    {
        auto_ptr<Interface> inf;
        inf.reset(new InterfaceImpl);
        inf->method1();
        inf->method2(10);

        // This should be disallowed!
        // std::unique_ptr<MethodOneImpl> moi;
        // moi.reset(new InterfaceImpl);
    }

Answer 5

It seems impossible to bring MethodOneImpl / MethodTwoImpl into the scope of Interface without having them inherit from Interface because they will not fill the Virtual Table if they don't. C++ misses something like the keyword implements from other languages.

So you are stuck with the virtual inheritence thing unless realize/accept that what you are looking for is just a bridge pattern, which does not satisfy requirement a) (you shall write more code), midly b) (code not necessarly difficult to maintain) and may satisfy c).

Here (another) possible solution (with only method though to reduce bloat)

class Interface 
{ public:
 virtual void method1() {return impl_->method1();}
 private:
     Interface() {}
 protected:
     struct Impl {
         virtual void method1() = 0; };
     std::shared_ptr<Impl> impl_;
     Interface(const std::shared_ptr<Impl> &impl) : impl_(impl) {}
};

  class InterfaceImpl : public Interface
{
  struct Impl : public Interface::Impl {
      void method1()  { std::cout << "InterfaceImpl::method1() " << std::endl; }  } ;
public:
    InterfaceImpl() : Interface(std::shared_ptr<Impl> (new Impl)) {}
      };

  template <class T>
  class GenericInterfaceImpl :  public Interface {
      struct Impl : public Interface::Impl {
          Impl( T &t) : t_(t) {}
          void method1() { t_.method1() ; } 
          T t_; };
public:
    GenericInterfaceImpl() : Interface(std::shared_ptr<Impl> (new Impl(T()))) {}
      };

 struct AMethod1Impl {
     void method1() { std::cout << "AMethod1Impl::method1() " << std::endl; }  } ;

struct AnotherMethod1Impl_not_working {
     void method1_not_present() { std::cout << "AnotherMethod1Impl_not_working ::method1_not_present() " << std::endl; }  } ;

int main() {
 // compilation of next line would fail 
 // (lame attempt to simulate ompilation fail when pure function not implemented)
 // Interface inf;

 std::unique_ptr<Interface> inf;
 inf.reset(new InterfaceImpl);
 inf->method1();
 inf.reset(new GenericInterfaceImpl<AMethod1Impl>() );
 inf->method1();

 // compilation of next line would fail
 // inf.reset(new GenericInterfaceImpl<AnotherMethod1Impl_not_working>() );

    }