While-loop over lines from variable in bash

Question

Assume a file file with multiple lines.

$ cat file
foo
bar
baz

Assume further that I wish to loop through each line with a while-loop.

$ while IFS= read -r line; do
$   echo $line
$   # do stuff
$ done < file
foo
bar
baz

Finally, please assume that I wish to pass lines stored in a variable rather than lines stored in a file. How can I loop through lines that are saved as a variable without receiving the below error?

$ MY_VAR=$(cat file)
$ while IFS= read -r line; do
$   echo $line
$   # do stuff
$ done < $(echo "$MY_VAR")
bash: $(echo "$MY_VAR"): ambiguous redirect

Answer 1

You have several options:

• A herestring (note that this is a non-POSIX extension): done <<<"$MY_VAR"

• A heredoc (POSIX-compliant, will work with /bin/sh):

  done <<EOF
  $MY_VAR
  EOF
  

• A process substitution (also a non-POSIX extension, but using printf rather than echo makes it more predictable across shells that support it; see the APPLICATION USAGE note in the POSIX spec for echo): done < <(printf '%s\n' "$MY_VAR")

---

Note that the first two options will (in bash) create a temporary file on disk with the variable's contents, whereas the last one uses a FIFO.

Answer 2

< needs to be followed by a filename. You can use a here-string:

done <<< "$MY_VAR"

or process substitution:

done < <(echo "$MY_VAR")