Get next and previous rows ordered by column for a subset of table

Question

I have a subset of a table:

-- Subset
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+
|date_time                        |animal_id|location_id|id|
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+
|2023-04-17 11:11:11.000000 +00:00|43       |55         |11|
|2023-04-17 12:12:12.000000 +00:00|44       |57         |12|
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+

The table contains next and previous rows for these rows for animal_id.

How to get those next and previous rows (ordered by date_time column) for each row in the subset?

-- Previous
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+
|date_time                        |animal_id|location_id|id|
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+
|2023-04-17 01:01:01.000000 +00:00|43       |45         |1 |
|2023-04-17 02:02:02.000000 +00:00|44       |47         |2 |
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+

The query for last rows should return the rows before each row of the subset, ordered by date_time, for the animal_id of the row in the subset.

-- Next
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+
|date_time                        |animal_id|location_id|id|
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+
|2023-04-17 21:21:21.000000 +00:00|43       |65         |21|
|2023-04-17 22:22:22.000000 +00:00|44       |67         |22|
+---------------------------------+---------+-----------+--+

The same as previous, but rows after.

I found a simmilar question with an answer, but ultimately failed to integrate it for my use case as the method described there works for a single row (or so I think).

Table:

create table animals__locations (
    date_time   timestamptz default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP not null,
    animal_id   integer     not null,
    location_id integer     not null,
    id          serial      primary key
);

There is no unique constraint on (animal_id, date_time), yet. (Will create one!)
If there is no next/previous row, the row can be omitted (that is, no row in the resulting output)

DB schema

Subset query

PG version: 15.2

Answer 1

A join to a LATERAL subquery should do it.

Previous:

SELECT prev.*
FROM   "subset" t
CROSS  JOIN LATERAL (
   SELECT *
   FROM   animals__locations t1
   WHERE  t1.animal_id = t.animal_id
   AND    t1.date_time < t.date_time
   ORDER  BY t1.date_time DESC
   LIMIT  1
   ) prev;

Next:

SELECT next.*
FROM   "subset" t
CROSS  JOIN LATERAL (
   SELECT *
   FROM   animals__locations t1
   WHERE  t1.animal_id = t.animal_id
   AND    t1.date_time > t.date_time
   ORDER  BY t1.date_time
   LIMIT  1
   ) next;

fiddle

There are various possible corner cases:

1. If there can be null values. --> All relevant columns NOT NULL.
2. If there can be identical (animal_id, date_time). --> Ruled out with new UNIQUE constraint.
3. If there is no next / previous row. --> No row. That's what my queries do.

You need an index on (animal_id, date_time) for this to be fast. Create a UNIQUE constraint on (animal_id, date_time), that rules out corner case 2. and provides that index implicitly.

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